source: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eIWOttMwA1zRFZEEn4ucBztk6dKj3hYZa9-1srZcpRM/edit#heading=h.iic5r02c1j5l

Normally the install is done twice.

First-time, we set up a temporary boot disk on DVD or USB stick. This is to get the OS running on the computer one-time so we can use it to do the permanent install.

Second-time, we set up the OS in its permanent location on the hard disk.

Assume the currently running OS has been booted from a temporary location, like DVD or USB stick. Now the task is to set up the OS and its boot loader at a permanent location, as follows.

* setup the ESP partition * copy the boot loader and related files into the ESP * configure the .efi boot settings files in the ESP * setup a partition for the kernel files * copy the kernel files into the OS partition * Configure OS settings files * setup a partition for the swap file

Many computer professionals work with multiple operating systems. Rather than own separate machines, one for each OS, he may want to install multiple OS’s on one machine.

There are two ways to do this.

1. Multi-booting. 2. Virtualization. Boot to one master OS and start a separate Virtual Machine (VM) for each target OS.

A typical computer professional uses Linux for his personal work, but also has to support customers who use Windows. He may want a dual-boot machine with Linux and Windows.

Here are some issues to consider when dual boot Linux 20 and Windows 10.

UEFI settings

* Disable windows hibernation. * Disable fast startup. * Disable Secure Boot. * Do not enable compatibility support module (CSM) * Enable the F12 boot menu.

Disk partitioning

* MBR, master boot record * Contains partition table and boot loader.

Windows: Disk Management Tool

Linux: Gparted

EFI system partition (ESP)

Portability

* for usb drive shared between devices * For a shared disk on a dual boot machine

https://www.howtogeek.com/73178/what-file-system-should-i-use-for-my-usb-drive/

Filesystems mounted on Judson

The mount on /media is a FUSE mount - a userspace filesystem mount. The underlying filesystem being mounted by the FUSE driver could be anything, including filesystems that may not be supported by the kernel. (The Gnome desktop makes use of it for mounting USB keys and other removable media.)

FUSE allows safe mounting of filesystems without granting root access to users. You could alternatively mount a FAT fs (but not exFAT, which is not supported by a kernel module in the way the various older FAT filesystems are) with:

$ sudo mount -t vfat /dev/sdb1 /mnt/myfs

A toggle in the UEFI settings: Function Key or Media Key

Which is the default, and which requires the Fn key pushed in combination?

(I keep function keys as the default.)

architecture machine OS

Intel x86-based

AMD64 & Intel 64

ARM

ARM with hardware FPU

64bit ARM

MIPS (big endian)

MIPS (little endian)

IBM/Motorola PowerPC

Power Systems

64bit IBM S/390

Each partition can be formatted with a file system or as a swap disk.

partition type code

* 0x82 - linux swap partition * 0x83 - linux native file system (ext3, ext4, etc) * 0x07 - NTFS (Microsoft) filesystem * 0xNN - any number of FAT16 and FAT32 (Microsoft) file systems

boot partition, a “primary” partition, mounted at /boot/, contains kernel, initrd, boot loader GRUB

system partition,

fdisk, provides disk partitioning for Linux, part of the util-linux package

cfdisk - best version if available

fdisk - buggy

sfdisk - for hackers onlly

Device and partition names

/dev/hda for hard disks (a-p)

/dev/hdb

/dev/sda for SCSI disks (a-p)

/dev/sdb

Directories such as /boot, /tmp, /usr, /var, or /home can be allocated to separate partitions, each with its own filesystem.

A common configuration is to use three partitions.

1. One holding the system files, mounted on /, the root directory 2. One holding user configuration file and data, mounted on /home 3. A swap partition.

ISO image - a disk image of an optical disk: CD, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray. Named from ISO 9660, the file system used with CD-ROM, where ISO means International Standards Organization

The BIOS is not part of the OS. It is provided by the manufacturer of the computer, burned into a chip on the motherboard.

The BIOS contains settings, and it also contains the first stage of the Boot process.

1. POST power-on self-test 2. Find the MBR master boot record, in partition 0 of the primary disk partition 3. Read the settings from the CMOS, battery powered memory of internal settings 4.

BIOS-mode: BIOS Basic Input Output System

BIOS-mode: UEFI Universal Extended Firmware Interface

The older BIOS is being replaced by the newer UEFI.

Post

Load file systems

Xctl to boot loader which can be normal file anywhere in the filesystem.

BIOS vs UEFI

BIOS

BIOS Basic Input Output System, legacy firmware created for first IBM PC

POST Power-On Self-Test - first step, prior to boot

EFI Extensible Firmware Interface - Intel created

UEFI Universal EFI - public governed

UEFI firmware - a chip on the motherboard that performs POST and BOOT

ESP EFI System Partition - formatted with UEFI-spec (FAT-based) filesystem, contains boot loaders, kernel images, device drivers, utilities, error logs, .efi config files, used prior to and during boot, for all installed OS’s.

Boot Loaders

GRUB 2 and elilo for Linux. Can access all devices and partitions. Not limited to ESP.

Windows Boot Manager.

grub

[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB)

Load kernel modules at boot time

[https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-how-to-load-a-kernel-module-automatically-at-boot-time/](https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-how-to-load-a-kernel-module-automatically-at-boot-time/)

Boot loaders

* NTLDR * LILO * GRUB

Non-bios firmware

* Open firmware * EFI extensible firmware interface

SATA mode: AHCI